What agricultural practice did northern and western farmers adopt during the late 19th century, focusing on single cash crops?

During the late 19th century, farmers in the northern and western United States increasingly turned to commercial farming, which involves the production of single cash crops primarily for sale in the market rather than for personal consumption. This shift was largely driven by advancements in agricultural technology, an expanding railroad network that facilitated the transport of goods, and the demand for crops like wheat, corn, and cotton.

Commercial farming allowed farmers to specialize in one type of crop, optimizing their production techniques and thus increasing overall output. The emphasis on cash crops reflected the broader economic trends of the period, including industrialization and urbanization, as farmers aimed to meet the needs of both domestic markets and international trade.

This approach to farming contributed significantly to the agricultural economy's growth, contrasting with subsistence farming, where farmers grow food primarily for their families' needs. Sustainable and organic farming, while relevant in contemporary discussions about agriculture, were not the dominant practices during this era, as the focus was on maximizing profits through monoculture and market-oriented production.