What term refers to the belief that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor?

The belief that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor is encapsulated in the term "Protestant work ethic." This concept originates from the Protestant Reformation, particularly within Calvinism, where it was thought that diligence in one’s calling and the accumulation of wealth could be seen as evidence of being among the elect, or those chosen for salvation. The idea promotes the notion that industriousness and frugality are virtuous and reflect an individual's moral character.

The Protestant work ethic has had a significant influence on the development of attitudes toward work and economics in Western societies, especially in the United States, where it has been linked to feelings of moral obligation and societal progress. It emphasizes the importance of hard work and personal responsibility, shaping cultural values and practices surrounding labor and success.

Other choices represent different concepts unrelated to the direct correlation between hard work and divine favor. Social Darwinism relates to applying the concept of "survival of the fittest" to social policies, capitalism refers to an economic system based on private ownership and free markets, and utilitarianism is a philosophical principle that seeks the greatest good for the greatest number. Each of these has its own distinct focus and does not align with the specific belief highlighted in the question.