Who opposed Booker T. Washington's approach and called for immediate civil rights?

W.E.B. Du Bois opposed Booker T. Washington's approach by advocating for immediate civil rights and greater political activism. While Washington promoted a philosophy of gradual progress through vocational training and accommodation to segregation, Du Bois strongly believed in the necessity of fighting for full civil rights and higher education for African Americans. He argued that political rights and social equality were essential for the advancement of the African American community. Du Bois was instrumental in founding the Niagara Movement and later the NAACP, which focused on combating racial discrimination and securing equal rights.

The other individuals cited in the options had their own significant roles in the struggle for civil rights but did not directly oppose Washington's strategies in the same fundamental way that Du Bois did. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ida B. Wells, for instance, became prominent figures later in the civil rights movement, while Frederick Douglass, a key abolitionist figure, was less directly involved in the debates surrounding Washington's approaches as they emerged in the early 20th century.